Originating from Japanese trading practices, the term "doji" translates to "the same thing". This is an apt description of the pattern, as a doji candlestick is formed when the opening and closing prices of a security are virtually identical. This results in a candlestick that looks like a cross, inverted cross, or plus sign. Given their relatively rare occurrence, they are considered significant by many traders.

Doji patterns come in three major types: gravestone, long-legged, and dragonfly.

1. 1. Gravestone Doji: This pattern signals a potential bearish reversal in the security's price. It forms when the open, low, and closing prices of the asset are close to each other, and there is a long upper shadow​.
   2. Dragonfly Doji: This pattern can indicate a potential reversal in the security's price. It forms when the open, close, and high prices for the security are equal. The dragonfly doji is generally seen as a bullish reversal pattern that occurs at the bottom of downtrends​.
   3. Long-Legged Doji: This pattern signals indecision about the future direction of the security's price, with long upper and lower shadows and roughly the same opening and closing prices. It can also indicate the beginning of a consolidation period where price action may soon break out to form a new tren

The doji pattern can be used to help identify potential price reversals or breakouts, as well as periods of consolidation. However, a doji is a neutral indicator and, due to its rarity, is not necessarily reliable for spotting price reversals. Technical analysts often combine the doji with other indicators such as Bollinger Bands, the relative strength index (RSI), or the moving average convergence/divergence (MACD) to increase the probability of successful trades.

In isolation, a doji provides little information and is not a reliable tool for spotting things like price reversals. When a reversal does occur, it isn't always reliable either. Estimating the potential reward of a doji-informed trade can also be difficult because candlestick patterns don't typically provide price targets. Therefore, other techniques, such as other candlestick patterns, indicators, or strategies, are required to exit the trade when and if profitable​​.

To continue the research and complete this article, you may want to explore the usage of doji patterns in specific contexts like cryptocurrency trading, compare doji with other patterns like spinning tops, and provide real-world examples